Suchergebnisse

Since Marcel Mauss published his foundational essay The Gift in 1925, many anthropologists and specialists of international relations have seen in the exchange of gifts, debts, loans, concessions or reparations the sources of international solidarity and international law. Still, Mauss's reflections were deeply tied to the context of interwar Europe and the French colonial expansion. Their normative dimension has been profoundly questioned after the age of decolonization. A century after Mauss, we may ask: what is the relevance of his ideas on gift exchanges and international solidarity? By tracing how Mauss's theoretical and normative ideas inspired prominent thinkers and government officials in France and Algeria, from Pierre Bourdieu to Mohammed Bedjaoui, Grégoire Mallard adds a building block to our comprehension of the role that anthropology, international law, and economics have played in shaping international economic governance from the age of European colonization to the latest European debt crisis. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core

Explaining recursive cycles of treaty interpretation : the role of transparency, ambiguity, and opacity -- Secrecy and transparency in the early nuclear age : how they both failed World Federalists -- Ambiguity and preemptive interpretation : how legal indeterminacy failed the Eurofederalists -- Opacity in legal interpretation : the transatlantic negotiations of the Euratom Treaty -- The price of opacity : how new leaders clarify opaque treaty rules -- The resilience of opacity in a changing international legal environment : how Europe weighted East-West negotiations of the NPT -- The singular legacies of nuclear opacity : the difficult road toward the universalization of the NPT regime.

Many Baby Boomers still recall crouching under their grade-school desks in frequent bomb drills during the Cuban Missile Crisis-a clear representation of how terrified the United States was of nuclear war. Thus far, we have succeeded in preventing such catastrophe, and this is partly due to the various treaties signed in the 1960s forswearing the use of nuclear technology for military purposes. In Fallout, Grégoire Mallard seeks to understand why some nations agreed to these limitations of their sovereign will-and why others decidedly did not. He builds his investigation around the 1968 signing of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which, though binding in nature, wasn't adhered to consistently by all signatory nations. Mallard looks at Europe's observance of treaty rules in contrast to the three holdouts in the global nonproliferation regime: Israel, India, and Pakistan. He seeks to find reasons for these discrepancies, and makes the compelling case that who wrote the treaty and how the rules were written--whether transparently, ambiguously, or opaquely--had major significance in how the rules were interpreted and whether they were then followed or dismissed as regimes changed. In honing in on this important piece of the story, Mallard not only provides a new perspective on our diplomatic history, but, more significantly, draws important conclusions about potential conditions that could facilitate the inclusion of the remaining NPT holdouts. Fallout is an important and timely book sure to be of interest to policy makers, activists, and concerned citizens alike.

Marcel Mauss published his essay The Gift (1925) in the context of debates about the European sovereign debt crises and the economic growth experienced by the colonies. This article traces the discursive associations between Mauss' anthropological concepts ("gift," "exchanges of prestations," and "generosity") and the reformist program of French socialists who pushed for an "altruistic" colonial policy in the interwar period. This article demonstrates that the three obligations which Mauss identified as the basis of a customary law of international economic relations (i.e. the duty to give, the duty to receive, and the duty to give back) served as key references in the French debate about the relationships between metropolises and colonies in the interwar period. Mauss made this relation between colonial policy and the ethnology of the gift explicit in his book, The Nation. Moving beyond Mauss' interwar writings, the article traces the genealogy of his later reflections to his involvement in prewar debates about chartered companies.

Quel a été le rôle du réseau transnational de Jean Monnet dans la conduite des négociations entre Américains et Européens qui suivirent la signature du Traité Euratom de mars 1957 ? Plus précisément, comment la question du contrôle des usages des matières fissiles en Europe a-t-elle été négociée entre les États-Unis et la Communauté Euratom ? Il s'avère que Jean Monnet, la Maison Blanche et le Département d'État ont élaboré une tactique commune d'obscurcissement du projet européen, qui en masquait les enjeux militaires et stratégiques. Le choix de cette tactique d'énonciation fut en partie déterminé par l'opposition interne américaine, notamment de l'Atomic Energy Commission et du Congrès, au transfert de compétences, en termes de contrôle, des Américains aux Européens. Contrairement aux analyses néoréalistes de l'intégration européenne, qui toutes insistent sur la faible influence des réseaux transnationaux sur les décisions des gouvernements, cette analyse fait donc ressortir leur importance, laquelle, dans l'histoire de l'Europe, s'exerça moins dans les négociations intergouvernementales des traités européens, que dans les négociations transatlantiques, entre États-Unis et Europe, notamment à propos de la question nucléaire.